Conditions

The coccyx or the tailbone is a small bone situated at the bottom of the spinal column and is made up of 3 to 5 fused coccygeal vertebrae.

Facet joints are joints of the spine that are located between the vertebrae and have their ends covered by cartilage to prevent friction which can lead to early wear and tear of the bones.

Intervertebral Discs are soft, rubbery pads present between the vertebrae, which act as shock absorbers during the movement of back.

Spondylolisthesis is a condition in which one of the vertebrae of the spinal column slips forward. This is a painful condition and mostly occurs in the lumbar region.

Piriformis Syndrome is a rare neuromuscular condition in which the sciatic nerve gets compressed by the piriformis muscle. It has a flat pyramidal structure and is located in the gluteal region of the body.

Sacroiliitis is a condition affecting the Sacroiliac joints, in which either one or both of the joints become inflamed causing pain.

Sciatica is the name given to a collection of symptoms that arise due to some underlying condition that leads to the compression of the sciatic nerve.

Discogenic low back pain is a degenerative disc disease. It is multifactorial clinical condition characterised by pain in the low back with or without radiation to lower limbs.

Ischial tuberosity bursitis is the condition of inflammation of bursae, which lies in between the ischial tuberosity and gluteus maximus muscle. It causes pain in buttock region.

Plexopathy is a disorder that affects the entire network of nerves, including lymph and blood vessels. It occurs due to the injuries to the nerves in the lumbar region.

Lumbar spinal canal stenosis is the narrowing of the spinal canal in the lower back which cause pain and numbness in the leg. It is most commonly seen in the older people due to the degenerative changes in the bones.

Spondylolysis is weakening or stress fracture in one of the vertebrae. It is the posterior deflection in the vertebral body leading to the stress fracture through the pars interarticularis of the lumbar vertebrae.

Lumbar spondylosis is the degeneration of the lumbar vertebrae which leads to the lower back ache. Pain in the lumbar spine and joint and muscular stiffness is commonly seen. It is due to degeneration of the lumbar spine.

Lumbosacral strain is the musculoligamentous sprain/strain which occurs in the lumbosacral region leading to immense low back pain. It is mostly caused when the back is overstretched, after any injury or sudden any external force leading to lumbosacral pain.

Mechanical low back pain is also called as non-specific low back pain. It arises from lumbar spine, surrounding soft tissue and intervertebral discs.

Sacroiliac joint dysfunction refers to the abnormal motion (too much/too little movement) of the sacroiliac joint. This leads to the pain in the buttocks and thighs.

Atlantoaxial instability also known as C1-C2 instability. It occurs due to excessive movement at the junction between the atlas and axis bone of the cervical spine as a result of ligamentous abnormality. It may also be congenital.

Cervical facet arthropathy is a degenerative condition affecting the facet joints of the cervical spine leading to pain, stiffness, swelling around the neck. The pain may radiate towards head, ear, shoulder and upper back.

Cervical myelopathy is the form of myelopathy that involves the compression of the spinal cord at the cervical level resulting in hand clumsiness and gait imbalance. It is commonly caused due to degenerative cervical disc disease.

Cervical slip disc is commonly known as cervical herniated disc. It is the condition in which the central part of annular fibrosis that is nucleus pulposus is protruded outside the intervertebral disc causing pain and restrictive movement of the neck.

Cervical spinal canal stenosis is the narrowing of the cervical spinal canal which results in the compression of spinal cord and nerve roots leading to degenerative changes in the cervical spine. It may be the result of traumatic and inflammatory conditions caused by herniated disc.

Cervical spondylosis commonly called as osteoarthritis of the neck. Cervical Spondylosis is a term referring to the degeneration of bones, joints, and discs of the neck over time.

Mechanical neck pain is nonspecific pain around neck. Pain which may concentrate locally or referred to head, shoulders, arms, upper back. Commonly seen in women performing house hold chores.

The thoracic outlet is the area between the top rib and collarbone which is a passageway for several nerves and blood vessels. When these neurovascular structures get compressed, it can lead to thoracic outlet syndrome.

Trapezitis is a condition in which there is acute pain in the upper trapezius muscle, accompanied by stiffness and difficulty in movement. It is not in itself a disorder but a symptom of an underlying condition.

Whiplash is an injury to the soft tissues of the neck, when the neck jolts backward and forward suddenly. Most cases of whiplash are caused by car collision.

Mechanical mid back pain is one of the commonest pain due to daily activities in most of the people which further radiates to the buttocks and low back. There is no specific reason for pain. Mid back basically refers to the thoracic region.

Mid back strain is an injury to the muscles and ligaments of the mid back that attaches to the chest, ribs and thoracic spine. Mostly sportsman are affected by mid back strain which results in pain and inflammation.

Scheuermann disease also known as Scheuermann kyphosis or juvenile kyphosis or juvenile discogenic disease which is result of hyper kyphosis in the vertebral bodies. It is a self-limiting skeletal disorder. The kyphosis of thoracic body may be up to 45-75 degrees.

Thoracic spondylosis is a form of osteoarthritis in the thoracic spine. The degenerative changes in the thoracic spine leads to the pain in the chest and the upper abdomen.

The fracture in one of the vertebrae due to pressure of the bones above it in the spine is known as a vertebral compression fracture. The symptoms of a spinal compression fracture are a pain in the back and hips.

Acromioclavicular arthropathy or acromioclavicular osteoarthritis happens when degenerative changes occur in between clavicle and acromion process resulting in formation of bone spurs and inflammation causing immense pain and restrictive movement of shoulder.

Bicipital tendinosis is an inflammation of long head of bicep tendon under the bicipital groove. In early stages tendon is thickened leading to redness and swelling due to inflammation. Pain usually occurs in upper arm.

Frozen shoulder is a condition of the shoulder joint in which the person experiences discomfort, pain, and stiffness in the shoulder area. The condition can be excruciatingly painful before completely fading away.

Rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendon in the shoulder. Rotator cuff injury occurs when the tendons pull away from the humerus. This tear may be result of overuse of shoulder or an injury.

Scapular Dyskinesis is a condition that affects the normal movement of the scapula. Typically, in most cases it is not the primary complaint but can be the underlying cause of shoulder pain.

Shoulder dislocation also known as glenohumeral joint dislocation which involves separation of humerus from glenoid of scapula. Symptoms involves muscle spasms, swelling, redness, immobility of shoulder and upper arm.

SLAP i.e., Superior labarum from anterior to posterior also referred as SLAP lesions. The tear occurs in superior labarum and also in the area where the bicep tendons attach to the labarum anteriorly and posteriorly.

One of the leading causes of shoulder pain in middle and old age is Supraspinatus tendinosis. The pain in the shoulder area is usually caused due to repetitive activities leading to a degeneration of the Supraspinatus tendon, which is a part of the rotator cuff.

Osteoarthritis is one of the most common forms of arthritis. It is a condition in which the naturally occurring cushioning (synovial cartilage) that is present between the joints, wears away.

Pes Anserine Bursitis is a painful condition of the knee in which the bursa located on the inside of the knee becomes inflamed.

Complete or partial tear of the fibres of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee is usually encountered during sports requiring pivoting or cutting, commonly seen in football, basketball, and soccer.

Pain that occurs at front and centre of the knee is called as anterior knee pain. It can be caused by many different conditions such as patellofemoral pain syndrome, chondromalacia patellae, quadriceps tendinitis etc.

Excess synovial fluid accumulation within the posterior knee compartment at the popliteal fossa causes a painful cyst appearance on the backside of the knee also known as Bakers’ cyst. Commonly associated with osteoarthritis of knee joint.

Softening or breakdown of the cartilage underside the kneecap is called as chondromalacia patellae. It is commonly seen in young, athletes and older patient with arthritis off knee.

Damaged collateral ligaments, torn meniscus, ACL tear & appearance of loose bodies within the knee joint contribute to internal derangement of the knee that mostly occurs due to chronic overuse or external trauma.

Dislocated patella causes knee instability leading to the extreme pain, swelling & clicking sound while knee bending. Giving away sensation while speedy activity is a hallmark symptom of knee instability.

Rupture to the knee cushioning (meniscus) due to forceful twisting leads to pain, swelling & locking of the knee. It usually happens due to a twisting injury of the knee.

It is also known as runners’ knee. Patellofemoral pain syndrome is a commonest condition causing anterior knee pain. Pain is usually present underneath or surrounding the patella.

Arthritis is a condition in which the joints become inflamed and cause severe pain.

Adductor Tendinosis is a condition that develop in and around the tendon in response to chronic overuse. Symptoms includes groin pain that becomes chronic over the time. It may radiate towards internal side of the thigh.

Osteonecrosis due to disruption of the proximal femoral head blood supply leads to avascular necrosis of femoral head. Causes attribute to femoral fractures, chronic steroid use, etc.

Greater trochanteric pain syndrome is also called as lateral hip pain. It occurs due to trochanteric bursitis associated with a tendinopathy.

Arthralgia is made up of two Greek words, arthro (joint) and algos (pain). It literally means joint pain. Aching, soreness, stiffness of hip joint is called as hip arthralgia.

Impingement of the femoral head within the acetabulum causes labarum damage leading to hip pain, stiffness & hip arthritis. The main symptoms are pain in the groin when walking or flexing the hip and decreased ROM in the hip.

Golfer elbow or medial epicondylitis is basically the inflammation in the tendons that connect the elbow.

Tennis elbow or lateral epicondylitis, is a condition of elbow caused by the repetitive injury or overuse. It is caused by overuse injury of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle.

Cubital tunnel syndrome is the peripheral nerve compression syndrome in which ulnar nerve is compressed at the elbow. Common symptoms include numbness and tingling in the hands and fingers.

Nursemaids elbow is common injury of early childhood which results in subluxation of the annular ligament due to sudden longitudinal traction applied to the hand. It is also known as pulled elbow and children between the age 1-4 years are affected.

Radial tunnel syndrome is the compression of posterior interosseous nerve at the level of proximal forearm (radial tunnel). Weakness in the forearm and decreased wrist strength is commonly seen.

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition wherein there is numbness, tingling, pain in fingers, especially, thumb, index, and middle fingers.

De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis is a painful condition involving the tendons of the thumb and the wrist in which they get inflamed.

The triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) is a connective structure composed of cartilage, tendons and ligaments, and connects the bones of the wrist with those of the forearm.

Trapeziometacarpal arthritis is arthritis affecting the 1st carpometacarpal joint due to genetic or degenerative changes resulting in impaired thumb motion, pain, swelling & tenderness at the base of the thumb.

Ganglion are lumps or cysts that most commonly appear along the tendons or joints of wrists and hands. They are typically round or oval and are filled with a jellylike fluid.

Rupture of the distal extensor tendon causing an inability to extend the distal interphalangeal joint due to trauma results in a droop finger known as a mallet finger.

Trigger finger a condition where finger get stuck in a bent position. It is also known as stenosing tenosynovitis. Most often affected are ring finger and thumb, but the condition can affect any finger.

A sprained ankle is a very painful condition affecting the ligaments of the ankle joint, resulting in inflammation and pain.

Flat-feet is a condition in which the arch on the sole of the foot is flat causing the entire foot to come in contact with the ground while walking.

Plantar Fasciitis is the common cause of heel pain that causes inflammation in your Plantar Fascia.

An accessory navicular bone is an extra bone that is present on the inner side of medial arch of the foot. It is present congenitally and usually goes unnoticed till adolescence.

Repetitive overuse of a tendon causes it to injure & inflame causing tendinitis. The tendon in such cases becomes microscopically damaged when amount of load placed on it exceeds the tendon strength.

Bunion (Hallux Valgus) is a bony bump that forms on 1st metatarsophalangeal joint i.e., joint where big toe meets foot. It eventually gets bigger over the time and toe joint gets out of alignment.

Haglund’s deformity commonly known as “Pump Bump” is an enlargement of bony section of the heel where your Achilles tendon inserts. When this bony bump rubs against footwear, it can lead to bursitis.

Metatarsal stress fractures are commonly known as March fractures. It is mainly seen at second and third metatarsal which accounts for 25% of all stress fractures. It occurs due to repetitive microtrauma to the area from overuse injury.

Morton’s neuroma is a painful condition of ball of your forefoot. It is caused by thickening of the tissue around the nerve and commonly seen in the nerve supplying 3rd and 4th toe. Main symptoms include sharp, stabbing and burning pain in the foot.

Posterior tibialis tendinosis or posterior tibial tendon insufficiency is a painful condition of the foot and ankle. The posterior Tibial Tendon (also called Tibialis Posterior) inserts primarily on the navicular bone in the foot.

Cervicogenic headache (CGH) is usually described as a constant dull headache that can sometimes grow in intensity and cause extreme discomfort.

Eagles syndrome is characterized by the recurrent pain in the oropharynx and the face due to the elongated styloid process or calcified stylohyoid ligament. It is the rare condition where pain is present in face or neck.

Migraine are headaches that causes pulsating pain in a particular side of the head (right/left). It is a neurologic disorder which comes with episodes of nausea, light aversion and dizziness.

Tension headache also known as stress headache. It is the most common type of headache caused due to stress and muscle tension. It is referred as hatband because the pain is around the back of head, neck, and forehead.

Meralgia Paresthetica is a condition that causes tingling, numbness, and burning pain in your outer thigh. It is caused by thigh nerve compression, which means compression of the Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve (LFCN).

Medial tibial stress syndrome is the medical term for Shin Splints which involves pain in the shinbone and the surrounding tissues.

Arterial thrombosis is the blood clot that develops inside the artery due to restriction of the blood flow. It is mostly caused due to condition like atherosclerosis. This condition may also be life threatening.

Deep vein thrombosis (venous thrombosis) occurs when the thrombus (blood clot) forms in deep veins inside the body mostly in the legs or the pelvis. This can happen if the vein becomes damaged or the blood flow slows down.

Iliotibial band syndrome is caused by running, hiking, cycling, and activities that require bending the knee in general. The pain is experienced in the outer part of the knee and is a result of the injury of the IT Band, a connective tissue that runs from the outside of the hips, thighs, and crossing the knee joints.

Restless legs syndrome also known as Willis-Ekbom disease is a neurological condition in which patient feels strong uncontrollable urge to move legs. It mostly happens in the evening or night time.

Drinking too much can alter level of nutrients such as thiamine, folate, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12 which are important for nerve conduction. Deficiency of these vitamins due to chronic alcoholism results in alcoholic neuropathy. It affects the movement and sensation of arms and legs.

Diabetic neuropathy is the serious condition for people suffering from diabetes as it leads to nerve damage. Neuropathy normally happens when there is rise in blood sugar levels. The signs and symptoms usually take several years to appear.

Peripheral neuropathy refers to the damage of peripheral nervous system which leads to the numbness and tingling sensation in the hands and feet. It can also leads to improper gait and muscle weakness especially in the feet.

Cluneal nerves are present in the buttock region. When they become entrapped or irritated, causes lower back and/or leg pain. There are three sets of cluneal nerves – superior, middle and inferior.

Genitofemoral neuropathy or genitofemoral neuralgia is caused along the genitofemoral nerve when it is injured or damaged. The groin is supplied by a group of nerves that control muscle function and sensation.

Ilioinguinal neuralgia is a common cause of chronic lower abdominal and anterior pelvic pain. Its main symptoms include burning pain and numbness in the lower abdomen that radiates to the genitalia and the inner thigh.

Intercostal neuralgia is a neuropathic pain involving intercoastal nerves. Entrapped intercostal nerves results in pain in the chest and the upper trunk which further radiates to the upper back. It is also known as chest wall pain.

Joint infections are severe and destructive form of arthritis often known as septic arthritis. It causes severe pain, swelling, fever and tissue damage. Mostly occurs due to invasion of bacteria, fungi through the blood stream.

MSK Tumours (Musculoskeletal Tumours) are the abnormal growth of cells within the bone, muscles, cartilages which can be malignant or benign. If they are malignant, they are considered sarcomas e.g., osteosarcoma. A major concern with bone tumours is the development of pathologic fractures.

Nerve tumours are the abnormal growth in the peripheral nerves. They are also known as neurofibromas and are benign in nature that grows on the nerves all over the body. Nerve tumours usually develop in the nerve sheath and support tissue.

It is a painful condition that occurs when the occipital nerves that run from the top of your neck to your scalp are compressed or irritated. Throbbing or aching pain, sharp shooting pain that typically starts where the back of your head meets your neck.

Osteoporosis is a condition of the bones in which the bones become so weak and fragile that fractures can happen even while performing daily tasks. The hip, spine, and forearm bones are the most vulnerable to fractures.

Pudendal neuralgia is a long-term pelvic pain due to damage of pudendal nerve (major somatic nerve of sacral plexus). It causes pain, discomfort, numbness in the pelvis and the genitals.

Spinal canal tumour is an unwanted growth that develops within or surrounding structures of the spinal cord. It results in continuous back pain, weakness, numbness respectively. Most spinal tumours are benign but some may be malignant.

Spinal infection is a very rare condition but can have serious consequences. A bacterial infection of the spine involves infection in the spinal cord, discs, vertebrae, and facet joints.